1 day ago · Essay on taj mahal in english for class 7, descriptive essay about soccer game essay writing on laughter is the best medicine, hindi essay letter essay insert quote animals essay for grade 5, hamlet essay topics and answers, english language essay in english what is fourth industrial revolution essay. Letter of intent essay 1 day ago · Project management for dissertation pros and cons of online education essay in marathi, dean satirist and essayist! Plastic ban in india essay in hindi in revolution essay Industrial europe, vassar application essay, dissertation topics economics. How to keep a healthy life essay The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid standardization and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the middle of the 19th century, was punctuated by a slowdown in important inventions before the Second Industrial Revolution in
Industrial revolution in europe essay
The Second Industrial Revolutionalso known as the Technological Revolution[1] was a phase of rapid standardization and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. The First Industrial Revolutionwhich ended in the middle of the 19th century, the industrial revolution essay, was punctuated by a slowdown the industrial revolution essay important inventions before the Second Industrial Revolution in Though a number of its events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the establishment of a machine tool industry, the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable partsand the invention of the Bessemer process to produce steel, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between and the beginning of The industrial revolution essay War I.
Advancements in manufacturing and production technology enabled the widespread adoption of technological systems such as telegraph and railroad networks, gas and water supplyand sewage systemswhich had earlier been concentrated to a few select cities.
The enormous expansion of rail and telegraph lines after allowed unprecedented movement of people and ideas, which culminated in a new wave of globalization. In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones, the industrial revolution essay.
The Second Industrial Revolution continued into the 20th century with early factory electrification and the production lineand ended at the beginning of World War I. The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial development, primarily in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low CountriesItaly and Japan.
It followed on from the First Industrial Revolution that began in Britain in the late 18th century that then spread throughout Western Europe. While the First Revolution was driven by limited use of steam enginesinterchangeable parts and mass productionand was largely water-powered especially in the United Statesthe Second was characterized by the build-out of railroads, large-scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, the industrial revolution essay, widespread use of the telegraphuse of petroleum and the beginning of electrification.
It also was the period during which modern organizational methods for operating large scale businesses over vast areas came into use. The concept was introduced by Patrick GeddesCities in Evolutionand was being used by economists such as Erich Zimmermann[3] but David Landes ' use of the term in a essay and in The Unbound Prometheus standardized scholarly definitions of the term, which was most intensely promoted by Alfred Chandler — However, some continue to express reservations about its use.
Landes stresses the importance of new technologies, especially, the internal combustion enginepetroleum, new materials and substances, the industrial revolution essay alloys and chemicalselectricity and communication technologies such as the telegraphtelephone and radio.
Vaclav Smil called the period — "The Age of Synergy " during which most of the great innovations were developed since the inventions and innovations were engineering and science-based. A synergy between iron and steel, railroads and coal developed at the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution. Railroads allowed cheap transportation of materials and products, which in turn led to cheap rails to build more roads.
Railroads also benefited from cheap coal for their steam locomotives. This synergy led to the laying of 75, miles of track in the U, the industrial revolution essay. in the s, the largest amount anywhere in world history. The hot blast technique, the industrial revolution essay, in which the hot flue gas from a blast furnace is used to preheat combustion air blown into a blast furnacewas invented and patented by James Beaumont Neilson in at Wilsontown Ironworks in Scotland.
Hot blast was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace as it greatly reduced the fuel consumption for making pig iron, and was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution. The early technique of hot blast used iron for the regenerative heating medium. Iron caused problems with expansion and contraction, which stressed the iron and caused failure.
Edward Alfred Cowper developed the Cowper stove in The Cowper stove was also capable of producing high heat, the industrial revolution essay, which resulted in very high throughput of blast furnaces, the industrial revolution essay. The Cowper stove is still used in today's blast furnaces, the industrial revolution essay. With the greatly reduced cost of producing pig iron with coke using hot blast, demand grew dramatically and so did the size of blast furnaces.
The Bessemer processinvented by Sir Henry Bessemerallowed the mass-production of steel, the industrial revolution essay, increasing the scale and speed of production of this vital material, and decreasing the labor requirements. The key principle was the removal of excess carbon and other impurities from pig iron by oxidation with air blown through the molten the industrial revolution essay. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.
The "acid" Bessemer process had a serious limitation in that it required relatively scarce hematite ore [11] which is low in phosphorus. Sidney Gilchrist Thomas developed a more sophisticated process to eliminate the phosphorus from iron. in Yorkshire was the first company to use his patented process.
In America, although non-phosphoric the industrial revolution essay largely predominated, an immense interest was taken in the industrial revolution essay invention. The next great advance in steel making was the Siemens—Martin process. The furnace operated at a high temperature by using regenerative preheating of fuel and air for combustion. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, but Siemens did not initially use the industrial revolution essay in that manner, the industrial revolution essay.
French engineer Pierre-Émile Martin was the first to take out a license for the Siemens furnace and apply it to the production of steel in The Siemens—Martin process complemented rather than replaced the Bessemer process.
Its main advantages were that it did not expose the steel to excessive nitrogen which would cause the steel to become brittleit was easier to control, and that it permitted the melting and refining of large amounts of scrap steel, lowering steel production costs and recycling an otherwise troublesome waste material. It became the leading steel making process by the early 20th century. The availability of cheap steel allowed building larger bridges, railroads, skyscrapers, and ships.
With large amounts of steel it became possible to build much more powerful guns and carriages, tanks, armored fighting vehicles and naval ships. The increase in steel production from the s meant that railways could finally be made from steel at a competitive cost.
Being a much more durable material, steel steadily replaced iron as the standard for railway rail, and due to its greater strength, longer lengths of rails could now be rolled. Wrought iron was soft and contained flaws caused by included dross. Iron rails could also not support heavy locomotives and was damaged by hammer blow. The first to make durable rails of steel rather than wrought iron was Robert Forester Mushet at the Darkhill Ironworksthe industrial revolution essay, Gloucestershire in The first of Mushet's steel rails was sent to Derby Midland railway station.
The rails were laid at part of the station approach where the iron rails had to be renewed at least every six months, and occasionally every three. Six years later, inthe rail seemed as perfect as ever, although some trains had passed over it daily. The first commercially available steel rails in the US were manufactured in at the Cambria Iron Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Steel rails lasted over ten times longer than did iron, [17] and with the falling cost of steel, heavier weight rails were used.
This allowed the use of more powerful locomotives, which could pull longer trains, and longer rail cars, all of which greatly increased the productivity of railroads. The theoretical and practical basis for the harnessing of electric power was laid by the scientist and experimentalist Michael Faraday. Through his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct currentFaraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics.
InSir Joseph Swaninventor of the first feasible incandescent light bulbsupplied about 1, Swan incandescent lamps to the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, the industrial revolution essay, to be lit entirely by electricity. The first large scale central distribution supply plant was opened at Holborn Viaduct in London in [26] and later at Pearl Street Station in New York City.
The first the industrial revolution essay power station in the world was built by the English electrical engineer Sebastian de Ferranti at Deptford. Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage 10,V alternating currentit generated kilowatts and supplied central London. On its completion in it supplied high-voltage AC power that was then "stepped down" with transformers for consumer use on each street.
Electrification allowed the final major developments in manufacturing methods of the Second Industrial Revolution, namely the assembly line and mass production. Electrification was called "the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century" by the National Academy of Engineering. Frank J. Sprague developed the first successful DC motor in By electric street railways were either using his equipment or in planning. The electric street railway became a major infrastructure before The AC motor Induction motor was developed in the s and soon began to be used in the electrification of industry.
Fluorescent lighting was commercially introduced at the World's Fair. Electrification also allowed the inexpensive production of electro-chemicalssuch as aluminium, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium. The use of machine tools began with the onset of the First Industrial Revolution. The increase in mechanization required more metal parts, which were usually made of cast iron or wrought iron —and hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process.
One of the first machine tools was John Wilkinson 's boring machine, that bored a precise hole in James Watt 's first steam engine in Advances in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to Henry Maudslay and refined by Joseph Whitworth. Standardization of screw threads began with Henry Maudslay aroundwhen the modern screw-cutting lathe made interchangeable V-thread machine screws a practical commodity.
InJoseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by many British railroad companies, became the world's first national machine tool standard called British Standard Whitworth. The importance of machine tools to mass production is shown by the fact that production of the Ford Model T used 32, machine tools, most of which were powered by electricity. The first paper making machine was the Fourdrinier machinebuilt by Sealy and Henry Fourdrinierstationers in London.
InMatthias Koopsworking in London, investigated the idea of using wood to make paper, and began his printing business a year later. However, his enterprise was unsuccessful due to the prohibitive cost at the time.
It was in the s, that Charles Fenerty in The industrial revolution essay Scotia and Friedrich Gottlob Keller in Saxony both invented a successful machine which extracted the fibres from wood as with rags and from it, made paper. This started a new era for paper making[38] and, together with the invention of the fountain pen and the mass-produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing presswood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries.
With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by Cheap wood based paper also allowed keeping personal diaries or writing letters and so, bythe clerkor writer, ceased to be a high-status job. By the s chemical processes for paper manufacture were in use, becoming dominant by The petroleum industry the industrial revolution essay, both production and refiningbegan in with the first oil works in Scotland.
The chemist James Young set up a tiny business refining the crude oil in Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, the industrial revolution essay, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. Cable tool drilling was developed in ancient China and was used for drilling brine wells. The salt domes also held natural gas, which some wells produced and which was used for evaporation of the brine.
Chinese well drilling technology was introduced to Europe in Although there were many efforts in the midth century to drill for oil Edwin Drake 's well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is considered the first "modern oil well". Kerosene lighting was much more efficient and less expensive than vegetable oils, tallow and whale oil.
Although town gas lighting was available in some cities, kerosene produced a brighter light until the invention of the industrial revolution essay gas mantle. Both were replaced by electricity for street lighting following the s and for households during the s. Gasoline was an unwanted byproduct of oil refining until automobiles were mass-produced afterand gasoline shortages appeared during World War I, the industrial revolution essay.
The invention of the Burton process for thermal cracking doubled the yield of gasoline, which helped alleviate the shortages. Synthetic dye was discovered by English chemist William Henry Perkin in
The Industrial Revolution Spreads [AP World History] Unit 5 Topic 4
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